单气囊小肠镜与胶囊内镜对不明原因消化道出血的诊断价值

目的:探讨单气囊小肠镜(SBE)与胶囊内镜(CE)对不明原因消化道出血(OGffi)患者的诊断价值。方法:将在我院治疗的100例OGIB患者按照诊断方式的不同分为SBE组和CE组各50例。对两组的病灶检出率病因诊断率以及安全性进行比较。结果SBE组病因诊断率为78.0%;CE组病因诊断率为60.0%,两组病因诊断率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。SBE组病灶检出率为80.0%(40/50),CE组病灶检出率为86.0%(43/50),两组病灶检出率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。SBE组患者检查较顺利,CE组胶囊滞留率为4.0%。所有患者检查后均未出现不良反应及并发症。结论:息肉及粘膜糜烂渍疡病变的OGIB患者在SBE与CE检查方法中较为常见,CE病灶检出率与SBE相当,两种检查方法均较可靠,CE检查更为方便。     

Identification and functional analysis of an ovarian form of the egg activation factor phospholipase C zeta (PLCζ) in pufferfish

Recent studies suggest that egg activation in mammals is triggered by a sperm-specific phospholipase C, PLCzeta. In other vertebrate species such as medaka fish, chickens, and quail, PLCzeta is also expressed as a testis-specific mRNA. Functional studies suggest that PLCzeta plays a similar role as a trigger of egg activation in these species. Here, we report the identification of PLCzeta orthologues in pufferfish species Takifugu rubripes (Fugu) and Tetraodon nigroviridis (Tetraodon). Unexpectedly in these species PLCzeta is expressed not in the testis, but in ovary and brain. Injection of pufferfish PLCzeta copy ribonucleic acid (cRNA) into mouse eggs failed to trigger calcium oscillations, unlike medaka PLCzeta cRNA. Our findings provide the first evidence that PLCzeta may be expressed in the egg, rather than the sperm, in some vertebrate species, and that its mechanism of action and physiologic role at fertilization may differ in different vertebrate species.     

Muscle extract of Arothron immaculatus regulates the blood glucose level and the antioxidant system in high-fat diet and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

In the present study pufferfish, Arothron immaculatus muscle methanol extract (AIME) was used to evaluate the antidiabetic activity against the high-fat diet (HFD) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rat models. Initially, the In vitro antioxidant activity of the different muscle extract was evaluated which showed that AIME has higher efficiency to scavenge the free radicals. The animal study results revealed that the AIME could decrease the blood glucose level after 14 days of oral treatment and recover the animal from the severe progression of the disease. The LC-ESI/MS analysis of AIME extract revealed the presence of compounds such as docosahexaenoic acid, adrenic acid, docosanol, codeine and metoprolol. Among these compounds, docosahexaenoic acid, adrenic acid and docosanol are reported for its antidiabetic studies. Hence, the muscle is recommended to consume by humans as natural food in order to overcome the development of diabetes. This is the first study on the muscle extract of marine pufferfish which is used as antidiabetic agent to treat the diabetes-induced in the animal model.     

Extensive search does not identify genomic sex markers in Tetraodon nigroviridis

Three methods used for comparing genomic DNA did not detect a sex-specific genomic marker in the green spotted pufferfish Tetraodon nigroviridis .     

Adaptive evolution of the vertebrate skeletal muscle sodium channel

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a highly potent neurotoxin that blocks the action potential by selectively binding to voltage-gated sodium channels (Na(v)). The skeletal muscle Na(v) (Na(v)1.4) channels in most pufferfish species and certain North American garter snakes are resistant to TTX, whereas in most mammals they are TTX-sensitive. It still remains unclear as to whether the difference in this sensitivity among the various vertebrate species can be associated with adaptive evolution. In this study, we investigated the adaptive evolution of the vertebrate Na(v)1.4 channels. By means of the CODEML program of the PAML 4.3 package, the lineages of both garter snakes and pufferfishes were denoted to be under positive selection. The positively selected sites identified in the p-loop regions indicated their involvement in Na(v)1.4 channel sensitivity to TTX. Most of these sites were located in the intracellular regions of the Na(v)1.4 channel, thereby implying the possible association of these regions with the regulation of voltage-sensor movement.     

Tri- and tetranucleotide microsatellites in dhufish Glaucosoma hebracium (Perciformes)

Thirteen polymorphic tri- and tetranucleotide microsatellite markers are reported for the exploited marine dhufish (Glaucosoma hebracium) from southwestern Australia. Variation was assessed among 48 individuals collected from a single locality. Most loci had 2-5 alleles, although one had more than 20 alleles, with corresponding observed heterozygosities of 0.02-0.81. These loci were also polymorphic in congeneric species.     

Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci from a dinucleotide-enriched genomic library of obscure puffer (Takifugu obscurus) and cross-species amplification

Obscure puffer (Takifugu obscurus) is an anadromous fish species in China. Here, we reported 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci isolated from a dinucleotide-enriched genomic library of T. obscurus. The number of alleles, observed and expected heterozygosity per locus in 30 individuals ranged from four to 10, from 0.57 to 0.86 and from 0.68 to 0.90, respectively. Three loci significantly deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium after Bonferroni correction and no significant linkage disequilibrium between pairs of loci was found. Cross-species amplification of these microsatellite loci in additional three fish species was performed. These polymorphic microsatellite loci would be useful for investigating genetic population structure and construction of genetic linkage map in T. obscurus.     

暗纹东方同工酶生化表现型的研究

利用聚丙烯酚胺凝胶垂直平板电泳方法,对暗纹东方的心、肝、肾,肌、性腺５种不同组织的７种同工酶（ＥＳＴ、ＬＤＨ、ＰＯＤ、ＭＤＨ、ＳＯＤ、ＳＤＨ、α－ＡＭＹ）进行了研究,讨论了各同工酶的基因表达谱式,观察到ＥＳＴ同工酶存在着多态现象;ＬＤＨ同工酶有二个基因位点,但只表现３条带,Ａ与Ｂ亚基的结合受阻;ＭＤＨ同工酶存在性别差异,说明决定ＭＤＨ同工酶表达的因素在不同性别中存在差异;ＳＯＤ同工酶有３个基因位点。各同工酶酶谱稳定,有组织特异性,倡ＥＳＴ、ＭＤＨ、ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ同工酶在各组织器官中又表现出较大的一致性,有利于物种的鉴定。α－ＡＭＹ与ＳＤＨ只在个别组织中有活性,可能与特定组织与器官的形态发生与机能分化有关。     

Glomeruli and renal tubules are restricted to the cranial kidney of the adult estuarine Sphoeroides testudineus

The kidney of the pufferfish Sphoeroides testudineus , an abundant tropical euryhaline estuarine species of the western Atlantic Ocean found in southern Brazil (in salinities ranging from 0 to 34) has a large and laterally spread cranial red portion, and a very thin and pale caudal portion. When studied under light and transmission electron microscopy, the cranial kidney displayed glomeruli and renal tubules surrounded by haematopoietic tissue. These tubules appeared to drain into a single large convoluted collecting duct with a wide lumen and thick pseudostratified epithelium, the mesonephric duct, which constituted the sole structure of the caudal kidney. Apical microvillae were viewed in the renal tubules, as well as in the mesonephric duct. Basal mitochondria and membrane infoldings were observed in the renal tubules. Abundant more basally‐located mitochondria and electron‐dense vesicles, mainly in the apical cytoplasm, were observed along the entire length of the mesonephric duct. Aposomes (blebs) were frequently observed in the mesonephric duct, both by light‐ and electron‐microscopy. This euryhaline estuarine pufferfish has thus been revealed to possess a rare type of kidney.     

Identification, characterization and expression of a novel cytokine M17 homologue (MSH) in fish

Members of the interleukin 6 (IL6)-cytokine subfamily of proteins are involved in numerous physiological processes including cellular development, inflammatory function, and acute phase and immune responses. Previously, a cytokine-like gene named M17, which is closely associated with the IL6 subfamily, has been identified in fish with no apparent orthologue in higher vertebrates. Here, we cloned a novel cDNA from Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, which had significant identity but exhibited contrasting expression with fish M17s, named here as M17 Homologue (MSH). With subsequent in silico search and full annotation of the M17 orthologue in zebrafish (Danio rerio), MSH orthologues in tiger puffer (Takifugu rubripes), green spotted pufferfish (Tetraodon nigroviridis) and stickleback (Gastorosteus aculeatus), as well as structural, synteny comparisons and phylogenetic analysis with known IL6-cytokines, we determined the novelty of the fish MSH. Japanese flounder MSH was observed to be highly expressed in immune-related tissues and are induced by immune stimulants, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), polyI:C and peptidoglycan (PG) in vitro suggesting that it is involved in fish immunity particularly against viral and bacterial agents, a functional feature exhibited by previously reported fish cytokines.